Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canadian raising targeting the /ay/ diphthong has been reported for a number of dialects of U.S. English. In the United States and elsewhere, however, the incipient—or purely phonetic—stage of diphthong raising, wherein it is triggered only by consonants that are phonetically voiceless, has been notoriously difficult to capture. In such a stage, raising is expected before the /t/ in cite (/saɪt/ → [sʌɪt]) but not before the flapped-/t/ in citing (/saɪtɪŋ/ → [saɪɾɪŋ]). Berkson, Davis, and Strickler (in press) recently discovered incipient phonetic raising in northeastern Indiana, however, and have suggested that extremely short diphthongs immediately preceding a primary stress (as in citátion, psychólogy) may be the very first to undergo raising. We investigate this hypothesis with data from Louisiana. While Yat English spoken near New Orleans has been reported as an /aw/-raising dialect (Carmichael, 2012), we also find /ay/-raising in New Orleans. Furthermore, the question of whether raising is present in Baton Rouge remains unanswered. Data presented here reveal that incipient phonetic raising is present in some—but not all—talkers from Baton Rouge. We consider the variation in Baton Rouge /ay/-raising in the context of gender differences and of /ay/-monophthongization typical in Southern varieties of English.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".