Economic Evaluation of Bioenergy Production from Biomass in Germany
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The production of bioenergy from plant sources has been an emerging issue in the global bioeconomy. This is as a result of the depletion of fossil fuel sources and its high adverse effects on the environment as the main source of conventional energy. Biobased products from fruit trees and crops have been thought and proven to play an important role in supplying future bioenergy and contributing to the achievement of some sustainable development goals. Many studies have focused on this novel technology without focusing on the economic aspect of it. In a bid to build and improve on literature, this study sought to economically evaluate the production of bioenergy from biomass using robust and standard profitability measures like the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and the payback period (PBP). Data was obtained through expert interviews from the Klein-Altendorf project site in Bonn, Germany. A business as usual scenario and a carbon avoidance scenario were investigated to ascertain the economic viability of this sustainable activity. Results in the business as usual scenario showed the process as a non-profitable venture. However, based on the carbon avoidance scenario, we argued that the project is economically viable especially in terms of carbon avoidance which reduces emissions and goes a long way to protect the environment. These social benefits obtained make the investment worthy. The greatest constraint and cost come from establishing such initiatives. The study found initial investment costs to be very high. Moreover, bioenergy produced is valued at the same price like energy produced from fossil fuels despite its numerous benefits to the environment. The results recommend to policy the maintenance of such initiatives as they have a big role to play in the global bioeconomy. In addition, other countries should join Germany in supporting this initiative by subsidising producers of bioenergy. This is justifiable and arguably the reason for Germany’s global recognition in bioeconomic issues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".