Highly‐efficient and low‐cost synthesis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural from monosaccharides catalyzed by surface treated biomass
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Low‐cost bagasse and microcrystalline cellulose were used as the raw materials to prepare solid acid catalysts via incomplete carbonization and sulphonation. The solid acid synthesized from microcrystalline cellulose (C‐SO 3 H) exhibited better catalytic performance than that synthesized from bagasse. C‐SO 3 H was characterized by various techniques to study the reaction conditions of the catalytic transformation from glucose and fructose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF). The conversion of glucose was 73.29 ± 0.74 %, and the conversion of fructose reached a maximum of 98.85 ± 0.01 %. The selectivity and yield of 5‐HMF reached maxima of 65.04 ± 0.28 % and 64.29 ± 0.27 %, respectively. Using C‐SO 3 H as the catalyst, the conversion of glucose followed second‐order kinetics at various temperatures, while the conversion of fructose followed first‐order kinetics. The activation energies of the glucose and fructose transformations were 73.75 and 51.87 kJ · mol −1 , respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".