Nitrapyrin Reduced Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Beef Cattle Urine Patches on a Semiarid Tame Pasture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Core Ideas Limited data are available about mitigating N 2 O emissions from urine patches on semiarid pasture. Nitrapyrin reduced cumulative N 2 O emissions by 39% in a dry season. Nitrapyrin reduced cumulative N 2 O emissions by 58% in normal precipitation season. NBPT and NBPT plus DCD did not limit N 2 O emissions compared with untreated urine patches. N 2 O emission factors ranged from 0.03 to 0.21% over two grazing seasons Urease and/or nitrification inhibitors applied to urine patches or pastures may increase N retention in the soil–plant system, but how N 2 O emissions respond to these N stabilizers in semiarid regions is poorly understood. The objectives of this research were (i) to quantify N 2 O emissions and the associated emission factors, based on the percentage of applied urine‐N emitted as N 2 O–N, from beef cattle urine patches (urine) and (ii) to test the N 2 O reduction potential of three N stabilizers [2‐chloro‐6(trichloromethyl) pyridine (nitrapyrin), N‐(n‐butyl)‐thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), and NBPT plus dicyandiamide (DCD)] on a semiarid tame pasture over two grazing seasons in western Canada. A deionized water control was also included. Nitrapyrin reduced cumulative N 2 O emissions by 39% and the N 2 O emission factor by 50% compared with untreated urine in a dry grazing season and reduced cumulative N 2 O emissions by 58% and the N 2 O emission factor by 68% compared with untreated urine in a grazing season with normal precipitation. The NBPT and NBPT + DCD had similar cumulative N 2 O emissions compared with untreated urine patches. The N 2 O emission factors ranged from 0.03 to 0.08% over 103 d in 2015 and from 0.06 to 0.21% over 119 d in 2016, all lower than the 2% Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change default 365‐d value. Extrapolating over 1‐yr periods, N 2 O emission factors ranged from 0.11 to 0.64%. Based on the N stabilizers tested, nitrapyrin most effectively reduced N 2 O emissions from beef cattle urine patches on a tame pasture in a nonirrigated semiarid region of Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".