Groundwater flooding in a river‐connected alluvial aquifer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Groundwater flooding can occur when the water table rises due to (a) recharge to (or decreased abstraction from) aquifers with low storativity or (b) propagation of the rising river stages into permeable, river‐connected alluvial aquifers. The latter type was significant in 2013 in Alberta. A survey of 189 homes along the Elbow River in Calgary examined the basement flooding water characteristics and the initial route of floodwater entry. In homes where the initial route of entry was known, 88% were initially flooded by groundwater, and 12% reported exclusively groundwater flooding. Basement floor elevation was correlated with the severity of flooding (R2 = .61). Of the 19 surveyed homes located outside of the 100‐year overland flood zone, 47% were flooded by groundwater, indicating that groundwater flooding reaches beyond overland water‐flooded areas. Hydrogeological modelling demonstrated that propagation of increased river stage into the aquifer could reasonably have caused the observed groundwater flooding. Groundwater flood resilience strategies could include (a) monitoring groundwater levels in flood‐prone areas to differentiate sewer backup from groundwater flooding via wastewater collection systems and to provide groundwater flooding warnings, (b) specifying minimum home basement elevation with respect to river stages for specified flood return intervals, and (c) appropriate home construction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".