Monte Carlo study of ionization chamber magnetic field correction factors as a function of angle and beam quality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose To use EGSnrc Monte Carlo simulations for magnetic field dosimetry to determine optimal measurement orientations, calculate beam quality conversion factors for 32 cylindrical and three parallel‐plate (PP) ion chambers, evaluate the beam quality and angular dependence of these factors, and examine the magnetic field effects on %dd(10) x and TPR . Methods Beam quality conversion factors, k , and magnetic field conversion factors, k B = k /k Q , are calculated as a function of chamber rotation for six cylindrical ionization chamber in either a 60 Co beam with a 0.35 T magnetic field or a 7 MV beam with a 1.5 T field, both magnetic fields are perpendicular to the photon beam. The chambers’ sensitive air volumes are varied by either using the entire geometric volume or excluding the air volume associated with the first 1 mm away from the stem. The k B and k factors are evaluated using four clinical photon spectra. The variation in %dd(10) x and TPR as a function of magnetic field for six photon spectra are studied using DOSXYZnrc. Results When the magnetic field is perpendicular to the photon beam, orienting the chamber parallel with the magnetic field reduces the magnetic field effect on chamber response (i.e., dose to air per water dose) and variations due to the unknown sensitive volume are essentially eliminated. Calculated k B factors are within 1% of unity for the majority of cylindrical chambers, although larger k B values are associated with chambers with high‐Z electrodes. PP chambers have k B corrections as large as 8.9% and have a larger angular sensitivity compared to cylindrical chambers. Values of k B for cylindrical ion chambers are independent of beam quality, except for chambers with high‐Z electrodes. For %dd(10) x values between 63.3% and 73.8%, k B varies by at most (0.26 ± 0.15)% when the magnetic field is perpendicular to the photon beam and parallel to the chamber. Differences in %dd(10) x , between no magnetic field and with a 1.5 T field perpendicular to the photon beam are (0.04 ± 0.10)%, (1.89 ± 0.10)%, and (6.20 ± 0.10)% for a 60 Co, 7, and 25 MV photon beam, respectively, while TPR shows less than (0.36 ± 0.10)% change. Applying the ICRU‐90 recommendations for stopping powers instead of ICRU‐37 is found to change k Q (and hence k B ) by less than 0.1%. Conclusions Orienting the chamber parallel to the magnetic field when the field is perpendicular to the photon beam will minimize the effect of the magnetic field on chamber response, and eliminate the problem of the unknown sensitive volume. Values of k B and k can bring ion chamber dosimetry in magnetic fields in‐line with the TG‐51 protocol. PP chamber are sensitive to the magnetic field and variation in chamber response due to small angular changes makes them unlikely candidates for clinical reference dosimetry in magnetic fields. The stability in TPR , as a function of magnetic fields and beam qualities, makes it the best beam quality specifier in magnetic fields.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".