The fossil pollen tetrad <i>Quadripollis krempii</i> Drugg 1967; morphology, palaeogeography and botanical affinity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Quadripollis krempii was described by Drugg 1967 from Maastrichtian deposits in California and has been reported from the Albian to Paleocene of the western United States and Canada. A revised description is supported by illustrations of specimens found in outcrops of the Straight Cliffs Formation in southern Utah. Q. krempii is unique among fossil tetrads and the tetrahedral tetrad is apparently inaperturate. We observe that the thinning and occasional rupturing of the exine observed by Drugg is a vestigial aperture, herein described as a tenuitas. Q. krempii has been thought to be either gymnospermous or angiospermous. No modern gymnosperms produce pollen in obligate tetrads but at least 23 angiosperm families do. Our review revealed possible families with some similarities to Q. krempii, mainly members of the Juncaceae which exhibit an ulcerated or thinned exine in the distal areas of the monads. A relationship to bryophytes cannot be ruled out.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".