Bibliographic record
Abstract
Frac sand is typically divided into two types: white sand and brown sand. White sand, the stronger of the two, is typically sourced from the St Peter's Sandstone in Ottawa, Illinois, while brown sand is sourced from the Hickory Sandstone near Brady, Texas. Frac sand is typically used in environments below 6,000 psi. The most notable driver impacting demand is increased proppant loadings, specifically, larger volumes of proppant placed per frac stage. The trend of using larger volumes of finer mesh materials, such as 100 mesh sand and 40/70 sand and ceramics, either on their own or in conjunction with coarser and more conductive proppant tail-ins, continues. Table 1, which is taken from the CSUG report, summarises the estimate of Canada's potentially marketable natural gas resources by type, province and geologic formation. A more recent study by the EIA in 2013 examines areas not addressed in the CSUG report and places Canada's technically recoverable shale gas resources at 573 tcf, or 1.7 times CSUG's upper range estimate for shale gas. The EIA also estimates that Canada has 8.8bn bbls of technically recoverable shale oil.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.068 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".