Nonpharmacological management of neonatal abstinence syndrome: a review of the literature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) experience withdrawal that occurs as a result of termination of placental opioid supply following delivery. Common symptoms include restlessness, tremors, agitation and gastrointestinal disturbances. Severe NAS is often treated using opioids and/or sedatives. Although commonly employed effectively in neonatal care, there is a lack of published information regarding nonpharmacological management of the NAS infant. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review was to summarize the current literature on nonpharmacological management of NAS. METHODS: A literature search of Medline and EMBASE was performed for articles published between 2000 and June 2107. RESULTS: Nonpharmacological management encompasses "environmental control", "feeding methods", "social integration", "soothing techniques" and "therapeutic modalities". Several interventions, including: breastfeeding, swaddling, rooming-in, environmental control and skin to skin contact have proven to be effective in managing NAS and should be incorporated into standard of care for this population (Level I-III Evidence). These interventions can be effective when offered in combination with pharmacological therapy, or as stand-alone therapy for less severe cases of NAS (Finnegan score <8). CONCLUSIONS: Given the increasing body of evidence on its efficacy and ease of implementation, nonpharmacological treatment should universally be incorporated into standard of care for NAS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".