Structural implications of internal swelling reactions in concrete: review and research needs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The chemical and physical processes associated with alkali–aggregate reaction and delayed ettringite formation, otherwise known as internal swelling reactions (ISRs), have been the subject of considerable research spanning several decades, yet the implications for affected structures are still open to debate. A major knowledge gap currently exists between the diagnosis and prognosis of ISR mechanisms, and the quantification and management of risk associated with ISR expansion in structures. This lack of understanding of the effects of ISRs on structural behaviour may be attributed to the fact that parameters such as confinement, boundary conditions, anisotropy and loading conditions are complex and vary greatly in existing structures. Furthermore, the correlation between the results of microscopic/macroscopic analyses on concrete core samples and the in situ performance of large-scale structures is still not well understood, even at a fundamental level. The aim of this paper is to summarise current knowledge of the structural implications of ISR mechanisms in concrete structures and stimulate a discussion of the importance of pursuing multi-scale experimental testing programs for the assessment of ageing infrastructure. A parametric analysis is included using the software VecTor2.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".