Level- and scale-dependent habitat selection for resting sites by 2 syntopic Martes species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A primary objective of community ecology is to understand the conditions that allow species to coexist by identifying how co-occurring species use and share space and resources. The European pine marten (Martes martes) and the stone marten (M. foina) are syntopic mustelids with similar morphology and ecology for which differential habitat use, especially differential use of resting sites, appears to be the main driver underlying their coexistence. Organisms commonly respond to their environment across a range of scales and habitat selection is a hierarchical process where each level reflects distinct behavioral processes. We performed an optimized multiple-level (i.e., selection of home range in the study area and selection of specific habitat components within the home range) and multiple-scale study of resting-site habitat selection. Each covariate was tested separately across a range of prespecified scales and then combined into a single multivariable, multiscale model. The 2 species differed significantly in their habitat selection at both levels. Stone martens selected buildings, whereas pine martens selected forest patches. However, both species avoided open areas and selected shrubs and hedges, confirming that syntopy was likely to occur with possible interactions between species. Differences in the spatial scale of resting-site selection, when both species selected the same landscape elements, might also contribute to this coexistence. Overall, stone martens showed higher interindividual variability in habitat selection than pine martens, and this variability was influenced by age and sex. Whether this variability was due to a greater behavioral and ecological plasticity of stone martens or to interactions with pine martens forcing stone martens to use suboptimal habitat remains unclear. In addition, stone martens generally avoided areas associated with high trapping pressure. However, a percentage of subadult males selected these areas, which could have serious consequences for the stone marten population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".