Hurricanes and coastlines: The role of natural disasters in the speciation of howler monkeys
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In his highly influential book Primate Taxonomy, Colin Groves discusses the importance of having an accurate account of primate taxa in order to understand evolutionary relationships that exist between species.This includes understanding genetic and morphological similarities between species as well as the processes of speciation.As the most widely ranging Neotropical monkey, the evolutionary relationships of the genus Alouatta have been examined from behavioural, morphological and most recently genetic data.According to Groves (2001) there are nine or 10 species of Alouatta and up to 19 subspecies (Table 4.1).Of these species, three are found in Mesoamerica: A. palliata, A. pigra and A. coibensis, with the rest located in South America.However, a more recent study of the molecular genetics of these species revealed A. coibensis to be indistinct from A. palliata, leaving A. pigra and A. palliata as the two remaining species in the Mesoamerican clade of howlers (Cortes-Ortiz et al., 2003).In 2012, while at a conference in Mexico, the lead author asked Colin what his thoughts were on the potential role of severe weather in speciation events, and more specifically on the biogeographical distribution on these two closely related species.He admitted he had never given it much thought, but was intrigued by the idea.This chapter further investigates this idea, by pulling together an array of evidence for both A. pigra and A. palliata in an attempt to add another piece to the puzzle of what factors are important in defining species.Until 1970 A. pigra was considered a subspecies of A. palliata, when they were separated into two distinct species by Smith.This distinction was based on differences in their cranial size and morphology, characteristics of the upper molar dentition as well as the colour and texture of the pelage.Horwich and Johnson (1986) later noted that testes descend much earlier in A. pigra, and that A. pigra lives in consistently smaller social groups.The taxnomonic separation of A. pigra and A. palliata was genetically confirmed by Cores-Ortiz and others (2007) who showed them to have a 5.7% difference in mitochondrial DNA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".