Carotid extra-media thickness increases with age, but is not related to arterial stiffness in adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Assessment of carotid artery perivascular adipose tissue through carotid artery extra-media thickness (EMT) ultrasonography has emerged as a novel assessment technique that might contribute unique information to comprehensive evaluations of arterial health. Currently, there is a lack of research examining relationships between EMT and existing measures of arterial health in adults. We investigated the relationships between EMT and established measures of arterial health, including aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), carotid distensibility, and intima-media thickness (IMT) in adults. Using a cross-sectional, observational design, we assessed resting aPWV, carotid distensibility, IMT and EMT in 81 participants who were categorized as younger healthy adults (YHA; n = 51; 25 ± 6 years), older healthy adults (OHA; n = 15; 70 ± 5 years) or older adults with coronary artery disease (CAD; n = 15; 68 ± 9 years). EMT, IMT, and aPWV were higher while carotid distensibility was lower in OHA and CAD versus YHA ( P < 0.05). EMT was correlated with age (r = 0.48; P < 0.01), aPWV (r = 0.43; P < 0.01), IMT (r = 0.41; P = 0.01), and distensibility (r = −0.37; P < 0.01). Despite significant correlations, EMT was not an independent predictor of any of the traditional measures of arterial health included in this study. The novel finding of this study is that while EMT is elevated in older versus younger adults, in agreement with established indicators of arterial health, it is not a predictive factor in these existing measures. EMT may, however, still have clinical utility as a target for comprehensive monitoring of interventions specifically designed to impact arterial structure and function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".