Research report Consistency of standing and seated posture of asymptomatic male adults over a one-week interval: A digital camera analysis of multiple landmarks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and objectives: Postural observation is commonly used by practitioners as a clinical tool. Little is known about the reliability and validity of such observations. The aim of this study was to establish the consistency of posture in standing and seated positions, over a one-week period. Methods: A convenience sample of 11 healthy males (meanSD) age 29.6 � 10.4 years, with low level pain or discomfort (average 1.9/55 McGill pain short form pain questionnaire) were recruited from a university population. Anatomical landmarks were marked on each participant using TiO2 and adhesive stickers. Participants attended three sessions over a one-week period (days 1, 4 and 7). Standing posture was recorded using digital video in three views; anterior, posterior and lateral. Seated posture was examined in the lateral view only. Four still frames were captured and analysed from each one minute video clip using video digitisation and analysis software. Postural variables were measured on each frame with the mean of the four frames used for analysis. Results: Seventeen of the 28 postural variables showed very high consistency (ICC � 0.7) between measurements, 9 of 28 showed high consistency (0.5 � ICC < 0.7) and 3 of 28 moderate consistency (0.3 � ICC < 0.5) over the three measurement sessions at days 1, 4 and 7. The results demonstrate high levels of reliability for all postural variables in anterior standing and posterior standing views, and for most clinically relevant variables including forward head position in lateral standing (ICC ¼ 0.67) and lateral sitting; head angle in lateral standing (ICC ¼ 0.92) and lateral sitting (ICC ¼ 0.92). Conclusion: In the male cohort studied posture appears to be consistent over a one-week period and may be useful as an outcome measure for studies investigating effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment and therapeutic exercise in treating musculoskeletal disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".