The Effects of an Ultra-low-Volume Application of Etofenprox for Mosquito Management on Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) Larvae and Adults in an Agricultural Setting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata F. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), is one of the most intensively managed solitary bees and greatly contributes to alfalfa production in both the United States and Canada. Although production of certain commodities, especially alfalfa seed, has become increasingly dependent on this species' pollination proficiency, little information is known about how M. rotundata is affected by insecticide exposure. To better understand the risk posed to M. rotundata by the increasing use of insecticides to manage mosquitoes, we conducted field experiments that directly exposed M. rotundata nests, adults, and larvae to a pyrethroid insecticide via a ground-based ultra-low-volume (ULV) aerosol generator. We directly targeted nest shelters with Zenivex® E20 (etofenprox) at a half-maximum rate of 0.0032 kg/ha at dusk and then observed larval mortality, adult mortality, and the total number of completed nests for both the treated and control groups. There was no significant difference in the proportion of dead (P = 0.99) and alive (P = 0.23) larvae when the control group was compared with the treated group. We also did not observe a significant difference in the number of emerged adults reared from the treated shelters (P = 0.22 and 0.50 for females and males, respectively), and the number of completed cells after exposure to the insecticides continued to increase throughout the summer, indicating that provisioning adults were not affected by the insecticide treatment. The results from this study suggest that the amount of insecticide reaching nest shelters may not be sufficient to cause significant mortality.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".