Nanoscale Lamellar Assembly and Segregation Mechanism of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(ethylene glycol) Blends
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) was combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the tridimensional lamella assembly and polymer segregation mechanism at the nanoscale of equimolar crystalline/crystalline poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blends, isothermally crystallized at different temperatures. The combination of solvent etching and thermal quenching-induced fractures of spherulites enabled the direct visualization of the lamella assembly and interior 3D spherulitic structure by SEM. Two different spherulitic patterns (banded and cone-like) were investigated after removing the PEG by ethanol etching. The banded spherulites are composed of perpendicularly oriented lamellae while flat-on lamellae are observed in the valleys. The transition ridge–valley region contains right-handed, helically twisted lamellae. Cone-like spherulites are composed of highly ordered lamellae about 500 nm deep from the sample–air interface, and disordered structures are found deeper. The AFM-IR images and nanoscale infrared spectra reveal that the PEG components are mainly trapped into various interlamellae regions of PHB depending on the structure of the PHB crystal template. We report herein, for the first time, several tridimensional chemical images with full information on the diffusion of PEG in the PHB structure at the nanoscale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".