The nature and structure of a hanging dam in a gravel-bed river
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The town of St. Raymond (QC, Canada) is subject to frequent ice-induced flooding of the St. Anne River. In addition to breakup ice jams, a major cause of winter flooding is associated with massive frazil deposition in the form of a hanging dam in the downtown reach of the river. Recent studies have identified a number of potential solutions to attenuate the flood risk. An important aspect of these solutions is associated with the reduction of frazil deposition, which amount had not been estimated before. The purpose of this study was to answer this need by quantifying the hanging dam’s dimensions (volume and mass) and structure. The 2014-2015 frazil dam’s length was 9.5 km, its volume was 620 000 m3 and its mass was 440 000 tons. Most of the hanging dam mass (74%) originated from the upstream part of the St. Anne River, where frazil transport in the water column was measured by manual sampling. In turn, most of the frazil was deposited in the downtown reach because of low velocities caused by the presence of the Chute-Panet dam located 3 km downstream of the town. The hanging dam core was also surveyed at multiple cross-sections. It presented frazil layers and accumulation zones of different densities. The hanging dam structure presented a greater complexity in town and was simpler near its head and its toe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".