Vascular risk factors and depression in Parkinson's disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to address the vascular depression hypothesis in Parkinson's disease (PD) from a large cohort of Chinese population. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of 1784 Chinese patients with PD was conducted. Patients were divided into absence of depression (score ≤ 20) and presence of depression (score > 20) based on assessment of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Other clinical assessments included the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the frontal assessment battery (FAB) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). RESULTS: Patients with depression showed a higher proportion of women, longer disease duration, higher UPDRS part III score, higher levodopa equivalent daily dose use, higher occurrences of motor fluctuation and dyskinesia, lower FAB score and lower MoCA score than those without depression (P < 0.05). The proportions of drinking and overweight/obesity in the depression group were significantly lower than those in the non-depression group (P < 0.05). A forward binary logistic regression model indicated that depression in PD was associated with female sex [odds ratio (OR) 1.376, P = 0.025], higher UPDRS part III score (OR 1.042, P < 0.001), lower FAB score (OR 0.937, P = 0.015), anxiety (OR 18.156, P < 0.001) and overweight/obesity (OR 0.700, P = 0.019), whereas no associations were found with hypertension, diabetes, smoking, drinking, hyperlipidaemia and heart disease. CONCLUSIONS: Our study failed to verify the vascular depression hypothesis in PD. On the contrary, it was demonstrated that overweight/obesity is negatively associated with the presence of depression in PD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".