Preparation and Characterization of Chemical Agents for Augmenting Injectivity in Low Permeability Reservoirs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, experimental techniques have been developed to prepare and characterize chemical agents for augmenting injectivity in low permeability reservoirs. First, chemical agents are selected, formulated, and optimized on the basis of interfacial tension (IFT), scale inhibition ratio, and clay particle size distribution and specific surface area. The spinning drop method is utilized to measure the IFT between crude oil and the formulated solution, while contact angle between brine and rock surface is measured to examine effect of the chemical agents on the rock wettability. Also, scale inhibition ratio and antiswelling ratio are, respectively, measured by performing static-state scale inhibition experiments and centrifugation experiments. Then, displacement experiments are conducted to evaluate injectivity improvement after one pore volume (PV) of such formulated chemical agents has been injected into a core plug. It is found that the optimized solution consists of 0.15 wt % fluorocarbon surfactant FC-117, 4.00 wt % isopropanol, 1.20 × 10−3 wt % scale inhibitor 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA), and 1.50 wt % clay stabilizer diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC). The IFT between crude oil and the optimized solution can be reduced to 5.36 × 10−3 mN/m within a short time, while the scale inhibition ratio and antiswelling ratio are measured to be 94.83% and 86.96%, respectively. It is found from comprehensive evaluation experiments that such a formulated and optimized solution can not only alter the rock surface from oil-wet to water-wet but also reduce the scale formation of the reservoir brine. In addition, it is shown from displacement experiments that the pressure is decreased by 34.67% after the injection of such formulated solution. When the formulated solution contains 0–300,000 mg/L sodium chloride (NaCl) and 0–5000 mg/L calcium chloride (CaCl2) at 50–90 °C, the IFT between crude oil and the formulated solution can be reduced to lower than 10−2 mN/m.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".