Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Zerumbone on WEHI 7.2 Wild Type Murine Thymoma Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Zerumbone (ZER), a sesquiterpene in the rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet Smith, was shown to exhibit antiproliferative activities on various cancer cells. This study was carried out to determine the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of ZER on WEHI 7.2 wild type murine thymoma cells through the employment of standard MTT assay, alkaline comet assay and flow cytometry Annexin V/PI. Results from the MTT assay demonstrated that ZER has a dose-dependent but not a time-dependent cytotoxic effect towards WEHI 7.2 wild type cells with IC50 values at 24, 48 and 72 hours were 3.02±0.20 µg/ml (13.832 µM), 2.73±0.13 µg/ml (12.503 µM) and 2.65±0.13 µg/ml (12.137 µM) respectively. Using IC10 and IC25 values obtained from the MTT assay, alkaline comet assay was carried out to detect DNA damage in ZER treated cells at three different time points (1/2 h, 1 h and 2 h). From the results, it was found that ZER induced significant DNA damage at all three time points for both concentrations (p < 0.05). Comparison of DNA damage levels at both concentrations suggested a concentration-dependent genotoxicity, as significantly higher values of tail DNA percentage and tail moment were obtained for cells treated with IC25 concentration (p < 0.05). Furthermore, to understand the mode of cell death induced by ZER, flow cytometry Annexin V/PI was performed and it was found that cytotoxicity was achieved primarily via apoptosis. Collectively, ZER is able to induce genotoxicity in treated cells which subsequently leads to cytotoxicity via apoptosis and these presented characteristics suggest the compound as a potential anticancer drug.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".