Impact of manure storage conditions and time on decomposition and losses from liquid dairy manure stored in a temperate climate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Large volumes of generated animal manures necessitate knowledge of how its production and storage affects composition, losses, and utilization potential. Stratification of liquid dairy manure was the main source of observed variability within outdoor uncovered manure storage, during a yearlong monitoring of 24 physicochemical manure parameters. Coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 4% to 24% for plant nutrients and 33% to 89% for biogas feedstock parameters. Nitrogen (N) volatilization losses during storage between manure additions were ∼10% mo−1 of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). Acetic acid was up to 100% of total volatile fatty acid concentration. Bioavailability and solubility of manure parameters, reflected in ratios of volatile solids to total solids (VS:TS), total ammoniacal nitrogen to total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TAN:TKN), and dissolved phosphorus to total phosphorus (O-PO4:TP) ratios, was high. There was substantial pathogen survival during the study, with an increased count with added manure. Manure temperature changes and precipitation levels likely played a major role in mineralization and volatilization rates of nutrients and reduction of solids, especially in surface levels of manure in storage. Study results underline the importance of sampling method, timing, and location within stored manure to obtain representative samples unless thorough mixing is previously applied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".