Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 2015, an important decision was issued under Chapter 11 of NAFTA in the case of Clayton/Bilcon v Government of Canada. This decision received a substantial amount of publicity as a result of its potential impact on the future implementation and application of environmental regulations by NAFTA states. Details of this decision are set out in the second section of this review. Although the notice of arbitration filed against Canada in 2014 in the case of JML Heirs LLC and J.M. Longyear LLC v Government of Canada was withdrawn in 2015, other cases that consider the question as to whether, and when, regulations that are allegedly introduced by states to protect environmental goods or aims can fall foul of the provisions of Chapter 11 of NAFTA, continue to progress. In particular, there were procedural developments in the cases of Lone Pine Resources Inc. v Government of Canada, Windstream Energy LLC v Government of Canada, Mercer International Inc. v Government of Canada, and Mesa Power Group LLC v Government of Canada. There were also developments in the long-running dispute of Mobil Investments Inc. and Murphy Oil Corporation v the Government of Canada. These developments are discussed further in the third section of this review.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".