Light-Induced Sonogashira C–C Coupling under Mild Conditions Using Supported Palladium Nanoparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Sonogashira reaction can easily be photocatalyzed by supported palladium nanoparticles. Herein, we demonstrate that the direct excitation of PdNPs can catalyze the C–C coupling between different aryl iodides and acetylenes under very mild conditions in short reaction times. The catalyst is air- and moisture-tolerant and can be supported on a wide range of materials, including inert ones such as nanodiamonds. Study of the action spectrum demonstrates that direct excitation of the PdNPs is required, and in the case of Pd@TiO 2, for example, visible excitation works well whereas UVA (368 nm) irradiation is ineffective because of TiO 2 shielding the Pd absorption. The catalyst can be reused a couple of times, but when it loses activity, it can be readily reactivated by a simple reductive photochemical strategy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".