Kinetics of the esterification between lactic acid and isoamyl alcohol in the presence of silica gel‐supported sodium hydrogen sulphate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The esterification reaction between isoamyl alcohol and lactic acid was studied over silica gel‐supported sodium hydrogen sulphate (NaHSO 4 · Silica). The influences of the external mass transfer, internal mass transfer, reaction temperature, catalyst loading, and initial reactant molar ratio were investigated. Kinetic experimental data of this esterification reaction obtained at different temperatures (343–378 K) were correlated with three models (the pseudo‐homogeneous (PH), Eley‐Rideal (ER), and Langmuir‐Hinshelwood (LH) model). The UNIFAC method was employed to estimate the activity coefficients when the non‐ideal thermodynamic behaviour of the reaction mixture was considered. The results show that the ER model is more appropriate for predicting the dynamic data of an esterification reaction. It was found that water and isoamyl alcohol were more strongly adsorbed onto the surface of NaHSO 4 · Silica than lactic acid and isoamyl lactate, by comparing the adsorption equilibrium constants of different components existing in the reaction. The activation energy and standard enthalpy of the reaction were found to be 54.1 and −6.27 kJ mol −1 , respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".