The subfornical organ: A novel site for prolactin action
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prolactin ( PRL ) is a peptide hormone that performs over 300 biological functions, including those that require binding to prolactin receptor ( PRL ‐R) in neurones within the central nervous system ( CNS ). To enter the CNS , circulating PRL must overcome the blood‐brain barrier. Accordingly, areas of the brain that do not possess a blood‐brain barrier, such as the subfornical organ ( SFO ), are optimally positioned to interact with systemic PRL . The SFO has been classically implicated in energy and fluid homeostasis but has the potential to influence oestrous cyclicity and gonadotrophin release, which are also functions of PRL . We aimed to confirm and characterise the expression of PRL ‐R in the SFO , as well as identify the effects of PRL application on membrane excitability of dissociated SFO neurones. Using a quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, we found that PRL ‐R mRNA in the SFO of male and female Sprague Dawley rats did not significantly differ between juvenile and sexually mature rats ( P = .34), male and female rats ( P = .97) or across the oestrous cycle ( P = .54). Patch‐clamp recordings were obtained in juvenile male rats to further investigate the actions of PRL at the SFO . Dissociated SFO neurones perfused with 1 μmol L ‐1 PRL resulted in 2 responsive subpopulations of neurones; 40% depolarised (n = 15/43, 11.3 ± 1.7 mV ) and 14% hyperpolarised (n = 6/43, −6.7 ± 1.4 mV ) to PRL application. Within the range of 10 pmol L ‐1 to 1 μmol L ‐1 , the concentrations of PRL were not significantly different in either the magnitude ( P = .53) or proportion ( P = .19) of response. Furthermore, PRL application significantly reduced the transient K + current in 67% of SFO neurones in voltage‐clamp configuration (n = 6/9, P = .02). The stability in response to PRL and expression of PRL ‐R in the SFO suggests that PRL function is conserved across physiological states and circulating PRL concentrations, prompting further investigations aiming to clarify the nature of PRL function in the SFO.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".