A Pilot Study of Hippocampal Activity During a Verbal Memory Task in Depressed Young Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Hippocampal volume is reduced in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), but the extent to which hippocampal function is altered in the context of MDD, particularly in young adults, is not well established. The hippocampus is important in recollection memory, a cognitive domain that is often impaired in depressed adults. Objective: This pilot functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) study aimed to assess hippocampal activity during a verbal memory task in unmedicated young adults with MDD (18-24 years of age) relative to healthy age-matched Controls. Method: Brain activity was measured in hippocampal regions during verbal encoding and retrieval, and compared between groups (N=11 in each group); exploratory whole-brain assessments were also carried out. Results: Greater right hippocampal activity during verbal memory encoding (vs. retrieval) was apparent in Controls. Further, in the MDD group, left hippocampal activity during encoding (vs. retrieval) was positively related to depression symptom severity and number of previous depressive episodes. Conclusion: This pilot study is a stepping stone in examining the effect of depression on hippocampal function in young adults. Keywords: Depression, fMRI, hippocampus, memory, youth, MDD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".