Can <i>T</i><sub>1</sub>w/<i>T</i><sub>2</sub>w ratio be used as a myelin‐specific measure in subcortical structures? Comparisons between FSE‐based <i>T</i><sub>1</sub>w/<i>T</i><sub>2</sub>w ratios, GRASE‐based <i>T</i><sub>1</sub>w/<i>T</i><sub>2</sub>w ratios and multi‐echo GRASE‐based myelin water fractions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Given the growing popularity of T1‐weighted/T2‐weighted (T1w/T2w) ratio measurements, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the concordance between T1w/T2w ratios obtained using conventional fast spin echo (FSE) versus combined gradient and spin echo (GRASE) sequences for T2w image acquisition, and to compare the resulting T1w/T2w ratios with histologically validated myelin water fraction (MWF) measurements in several subcortical brain structures. In order to compare these measurements across a relatively wide range of myelin concentrations, whole‐brain T1w magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MPRAGE), T2w FSE and three‐dimensional multi‐echo GRASE data were acquired from 10 participants with multiple sclerosis at 3 T. Then, after high‐dimensional, non‐linear warping, region of interest (ROI) analyses were performed to compare T1w/T2w ratios and MWF estimates (across participants and brain regions) in 11 bilateral white matter (WM) and four bilateral subcortical grey matter (SGM) structures extracted from the JHU_MNI_SS ‘Eve’ atlas. Although the GRASE sequence systematically underestimated T1w/T2w values compared to the FSE sequence (revealed by Bland–Altman and mountain plots), linear regressions across participants and ROIs revealed consistently high correlations between the two methods (r2 = 0.62 for all ROIs, r2 = 0.62 for WM structures and r2 = 0.73 for SGM structures). However, correlations between either FSE‐based or GRASE‐based T1w/T2w ratios and MWFs were extremely low in WM structures (FSE‐based, r2 = 0.000020; GRASE‐based, r2 = 0.0014), low across all ROIs (FSE‐based, r2 = 0.053; GRASE‐based, r2 = 0.029) and moderate in SGM structures (FSE‐based, r2 = 0.20; GRASE‐based, r2 = 0.17). Overall, our findings indicated a high degree of correlation (but not equivalence) between FSE‐based and GRASE‐based T1w/T2w ratios, and low correlations between T1w/T2w ratios and MWFs. This suggests that the two T1w/T2w ratio approaches measure similar facets of subcortical tissue microstructure, whereas T1w/T2w ratios and MWFs appear to be sensitized to different microstructural properties. On this basis, we conclude that multi‐echo GRASE sequences can be used in future studies to efficiently elucidate both general (T1w/T2w ratio) and myelin‐specific (MWF) tissue characteristics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".