Properties of Polystyrene/Acrylic Acid Membranes After Sulphonation Reactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sulphonation reaction in styrenic membranes is a common method used to graft ionic groups needed to enhance proton conductivity in polymeric electrolytes (PEM). A synthesized copolymer of styrene and acrylic acid (94/6 % mol) was partially crosslinked using a trifunctional monomer, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) (0.01% mol), like a crosslinking agent. The obtained material was subjected to different sulphonation reactions in order to prepare several PEM membranes. The sulphonation reactions used sulphuric acid (H2SO4, 98%) at 50, 75 and 100 %molar ratio considering amount of styrene rings, during 1 and 2 hours of reaction time. Fouriertransformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were obtained to identify specific chemical groups in these materials. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were used to evaluate the thermal stability and mechanical effects after sulphonation reactions. Water absorption and its effect on proton conductivity by means of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were also evaluated. FTIR spectra show characteristic bands corresponding to sulphone groups within macromolecular structure. Sulphonating agent concentration and/or sulphonation time induce higher glass transition temperatures and no changes in thermal stability when comparing with the no sulphonated material. Latter condition also allows higher water absorption and an enhancement in proton conductivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".