Strong coupling between slow oscillations and wide fast ripples in children with epileptic spasms: Investigation of modulation index and occurrence rate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Objective Epileptic spasms ( ES ) often become drug‐resistant. To reveal the electrophysiological difference between children with ES ( ES +) and without ES ( ES −), we compared the occurrence rate ( OR ) of high‐frequency oscillations ( HFO s) and the modulation index ( MI ) of coupling between slow and fast oscillations. In ES +, we hypothesized that (1) pathological HFO s are more widely distributed and (2) slow oscillations show stronger coupling with pathological HFO s than in ES −. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 24 children with drug‐resistant multilobar onset epilepsy, who underwent intracranial video electroencephalography prior to multilobar resections. We measured the OR of HFO s and determined the electrodes with a high rate of HFO s by cluster analysis. We calculated MI , which reflects the degree of coupling between HFO (ripple/fast ripple [ FR ]) amplitude and 5 different frequency bands of delta and theta activities (0.5‐1 Hz, 1‐2 Hz, 2‐3 Hz, 3‐4 Hz, 4‐8 Hz). Results In ES + (n = 10), the OR ( FR s) , the number of electrodes with high‐rate FR s, and the MI ( FR s & 3‐4 Hz) in all electrodes were significantly higher than in ES − (n = 14). In both the ES + and ES − groups, MI (ripples/ FR s & 3‐4 Hz) was the highest among the 5 frequency bands. Within the good seizure outcome group, the OR ( FR s) and the MI ( FR s & 3‐4 Hz) in the resected area in ES + were significantly higher than in ES − ( OR [FR s] , P = .04; MI [ FR s & 3‐4 Hz] , P = .04). Significance In ES +, the larger number of high‐rate FR electrodes indicates more widespread epileptogenicity than in ES −. High values of OR ( FR s) and MI ( FR s & 3‐4 Hz) in ES + compared to ES − are a signature of the severity of epileptogenicity. We proved that ES + children who achieved seizure freedom following multilobar resections exhibited strong coupling between slow oscillations and FR s.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".