Influence of tributaries on the longitudinal patterns of benthic invertebrate communities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract There has been little effort to understand how tributaries influence mainstem rivers at large scales beyond the immediate influence of the tributary and downstream of the mixing zone. Such knowledge is needed to create breaks in stream networks that can aid in the classification of stream valley segments and conservation studies that rely on the delineation of zones. We use benthic invertebrate assemblages to infer longitudinal gradients and discontinuities and relate these patterns to confluence symmetry ratio (CSR; the size ratio of the tributary basin to the mainstem basin upstream of the confluence). In addition, we briefly explore reach and catchment‐scale environmental influences. We found evidence for both gradual and abrupt longitudinal changes in benthic invertebrate communities. There was not a smooth continuous gradient but a sawtooth pattern with an overarching trend. Two major discontinuities were found: one associated with a large CSR = 0.74 and reach scale factors including predominance of sand and an abundance of benthic organic matter that provided a unique habitat; and a second associated with a large CSR = 0.64 and a transition from coarse textured morainal deposits to glaciolacustrine deposits. There were synchronous additions of some benthic invertebrates (e.g., Eukiefferiella brehmi, Antocha, Hydropsyche morosa, and Oligochaeta) showing an affinity for downstream reaches, whereas others showed an affinity for headwater reaches (e.g., Simulium tuberosum, Baetis tricaudatus, and Micropsectra). Benthic invertebrate communities were driven by a combination of confluence symmetry ratio, landscape, and reach scale factors that can confound interpretation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".