Geomagnetic disturbance storm system impact — A transmission facility owner case study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Order No. 830 (September 2016) delivered a mandate for reliable transmission system performance during geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) events. In this Order, FERC approved the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) reliability standard TPL-007-1 (Transmission System Planned Performance for Geomagnetic Disturbance Events). This paper presents the results and conclusions of a transmission facility owner (TFO) system case study. For it, a geomagnetically induced current (GIC) model was developed for a major part of the Alberta Interconnected Electric System (AIES). The main objectives of the study were identifying the transformers most susceptible to high levels of GIC flows and estimating the additional reactive power support to the induced half-cycle saturation triggered by GMD events. Also investigated were: steady-state system security during a GMD event; the need to undertake further studies to more fully investigate GMD event risks; and the need to consider other system components when doing so. The results and conclusions of the study provide a transmission planning approach that complies with NERC TPL-007-1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".