Short communication: Cow- and herd-level prevalence of hypoglycemia in hyperketonemic postpartum dairy cows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify the prevalence of hypoglycemia in hyperketonemic dairy cows during the early postpartum period. A prospective observational study was conducted in 100 dairy herds selected by convenience. Within all participating herds, 40 cows (or the entire herd if smaller than 40 cows) were enrolled in the study (total of 3,776 enrolled cows). Herds were visited every 2 wk by an animal health technician. Cows were bled from their coccygeal vessels once between 1 and 14 d in milk, and cow-side testing was performed for ketonemia and glycemia using a device validated in cattle (Precision Xtra, Abbott, Mississauga, ON, Canada). Hyperketonemia was defined as β-hydroxybutyrate ≥1.4 mmol/L, and hypoglycemia was defined as glucose ≤2.2 mmol/L. Descriptive statistics were computed at the cow and herd levels. The cow-level prevalence of hyperketonemia, hypoglycemia, and simultaneous hypoglycemia and hyperketonemia was 20.0% (757/3,776), 13.8% (642/3,776), and 6.2% (235/3,776), respectively. Within the subset of hyperketonemic cows only, the prevalence of hypoglycemia was 31.0% (235/757). At the herd level, the median prevalence was 17.5% (minimum: 5.0%, first quartile: 10.0%, third quartile: 22.5%, maximum: 77.5%) for hyperketonemia, 15.0% (minimum: 5.0%, first quartile: 12.5%, third quartile: 20.0%, maximum: 47.5%) for hypoglycemia, and 7.5% (minimum: 2.5%, first quartile: 5.0%, third quartile: 12.5%, maximum: 17.5%) for simultaneous hypoglycemia and hyperketonemia. The herd-level median prevalence of hypoglycemia within the subset of hyperketonemic cows only was 30.6% (minimum: 2.5%, first quartile: 20.0%, third quartile: 39.1%, maximum: 63.0%). The results from this study show that the prevalence of simultaneous hyperketonemia and hypoglycemia is relatively low in the overall early postpartum cow population but also that approximately one-third of hyperketonemic cows are hypoglycemic, which might represent an opportunity to improve their management on the farm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".