The effects of hormone replacement therapy on coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women: Systematic review and assessment of methods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was commonly prescribed to postmenopausal women to decrease the risk of coronary artery disease. Non-randomized studies have demonstrated up to 40% reduction in women using HRT. The first randomized trial to study this association failed to find the anticipated cardiac benefit. Since then, several trials addressing primary or secondary prevention of heart disease with HRT have failed to find any association. This thesis analyzed all available data on HRT and heart disease to identify factors contributing to the divergent results. We found that in non-randomized studies, current users of HRT had a decreased risk of heart disease while the summary statistic for RCTs failed to show any association. Measurement of exposure and socioeconomic status were important confounding variables. The strengths and limitations of study designs were discussed. A second component of the thesis was the modification of Newcastle Ottawa scale, a quality assessment tool for non-randomized studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.028 | 0.091 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.012 | 0.011 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.018 | 0.015 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".