Epidemiological Surveillance of Imported Malaria in Calgary, 2007-2011
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The increase in intercontinental travelling and migration has resulted in a notable rise in the number of malaria cases detected within the industrialized countries. 1,2 The objective of this study was to retrospectively analyze the epidemiological situations of imported malaria in Calgary, Canada, between year 2007 and 2011. Methods: This study involved patients who tested positive for malaria in Calgary between January 2007 and December 2011. The data were gathered from Calgary Laboratory Services (CLS) electronic malaria history form database. Information was obtained on pre-travel advice, reason for travel, countries with malaria visited, types of prophylaxis taken, and types of treatment received. Results: During the five years, a total of 168 imported malaria cases have been reported. Greater than 80% of these cases comprised of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections. The highest proportions of P. falciparum were contracted in Africa, and by contrast, the highest proportions of P. vivax were contracted in Asia. The prevalence of malaria was significantly higher in males than in females. The most common reason for travel was visiting friends and relatives (VFR), and the top three destinations for VFR were Sudan (25.0%), India (16.1%), and Nigeria (16.1%). Incidence of malaria cases were higher in certain wards of Calgary located in North East than in other quadrants. Conclusions: During the 5 year period, there was an increasing trend in the total number of annual imported malaria cases and in the total number of P. falciparum infections, with little fluctuation. Only 24.6% of the malaria patients have indicated using prophylaxis prior to their travelling and migration, increasing their risk of acquiring malaria. In order to improve health outcomes in travelers related to malaria, future public health interventions focused on recent immigrants may be necessary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".