Ultra-efficient modulation of BaTiO3 crystal thin film waveguide with a two-dimensional optic-electric field matching scheme
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For the BaTiO3 crystal thin-film waveguides, a new electro-optic (EO) modulating scheme of a two-dimensional (2D) matching method between the optical field of the lightwave working signal and the electric field of the microwave driving signal is investigated with an embedded device regime. In this 2D matching method, the two central parameters for determining the optical refractive index modulation (RIM) efficiency are (i) the overlap integral between optic and electric fields and (ii) the electric-field strength of the modulating signal, both of which are dependent of the allowable electrode gap. As a result, the higher the electric-field strength is created by the imposed drive voltage crossing the electrode gap, the higher an overlap integral is reached, and consequently, at the smallest allowable electrode gap of 4.5 μm, the usual maximum 65% overlap integral of the traditional co-planar waveguide (CPW) regime based one-dimensional (1D) matching method has been improved to 88%. Thus, for a given BaTiO3 crystal thin-film having EO coefficient r51 = 500 pm/V, when the birefringence values are −0.001 and −0.005, with the CPW device regime, the optical RIM efficiencies are 4.88 × 10−4/V and 1.83 × 10−4/V, respectively, while with the embedded regime based 2D EO matching scheme, the RIM efficiencies are improved to 8.84 × 10−4/V and 3.31 × 10−4/V, respectively, leading to the modulation efficiency improvement of 81% for any birefringence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".