Laboratory assessment of semi-permeable properties of a natural sodium bentonite
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The relevance of the semi-permeable properties of bentonites, which affect both their transport processes and mechanical behaviour, has been assessed through the experimental determination of three parameters: the reflection coefficient, ω; the osmotic effective diffusion coefficient, [Formula: see text]; and the swell coefficient, ϖ. Two multi-stage tests were conducted on a natural sodium bentonite, while varying both the specimen void ratio, e, and the solute concentration, c s , of the equilibrium sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. The measured phenomenological parameters were interpreted through a mechanistic model, in which the electric charge of clay particles is taken into account via a single material parameter, [Formula: see text], referred to as the “solid charge coefficient”. A constant value of [Formula: see text] = 110 mmol/L was found to provide an accurate interpretation of the experimental data, at least within the investigated range of bentonite void ratios (3.33 ≤ e ≤ 4.18) and NaCl concentrations of the external bulk solutions (5 ≤ c s ≤ 90 mmol/L). The results support the hypothesis that both chemical osmosis and swelling pressure are macroscopic manifestations of the same interactions, which occur at the microscopic scale between the clay particles and the ions contained in the pore solution, and that both of them can be modelled through a single theoretical framework.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".