Performance of a Capillary Dilution System for High-Concentration Sampling of Ultrafine Aerosols
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To characterize particle properties, a proper conditioning of aerosol samples is required for most aerosol measurement systems. Ultrafine particles are often generated in high concentrations, resulting in the need for dilution prior to measurement. Reasons for this sample dilution include the prevention of condensation of volatile compounds onto the particle surface, the suppression of chemical reactions and simply to bring the particle concentration below the maximum tolerable value for the measuring instruments. A number of different approaches are taken to dilute samples. In this article, a new type of dilution system designed for submicron aerosols with high concentrations is presented and its performance compared with design expectations. The new dilution instrument is based on a capillary/filter technique. Small capillary transports a tiny proportion of the sample and the greater part will be filtered and used as diluting gas. The shuffling between the two parts takes place inside a filter. Therefore, the dilution ratio is determined by the diameter of the capillary and the flow rate. With this principle, the dilution process is realized in a single step and on a fast time scale. Calibration measurements showed a linear relation between the dilution ratio and the control parameters within 2%. The dilution ratio was found to be independent of particle diameter in the size range between 10 and 400 nm. The dilution ratio scan for the proposed system can be varied continuously from moderate to very high dilutions (from 1:10 to 1:10 3 ); this range could be extended with minor modifications. The proposed instrument was built on a small and portable scale. The described dilution system opens a wide range of applications for particle sampling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".