Probabilistic Assessment of Lightning Related Risk of Transmission Lines Based on Frequency Dependent Modeling of Tower-Footing Grounding System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a probabilistic evaluation, based on Monte-Carlo method, for the estimation of insulation risk of failure of overhead transmission lines (TLs). The proposed method takes into account the wide-band model of tower-footing grounding system. The wide-band model of grounding system in frequency domain is obtained by the method of moment solution to the governing electrical field integral equations. The electrical parameters of soil are considered to be either constant or frequency dependent. The time-domain representation of the grounding system is inferred through pole-zero characterization of its associated frequency response. The case of a typical 400-kV transmission line is modelled in EMTP_RV with the tower-footing grounding system integrated with the transmission line (TL) system. The results of the paper show that the failure risk of transmission lines is affected by the grounding system model. This effect is more pronounced when the soil electrical parameters are assumed to be frequency dependent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".