Extra-Pair Paternity in a Socially Monogamous Neotropical Tanager, the Ringed Warbling-Finch<i>Poospiza torquata</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Social monogamy with genetic polygamy is a frequent mating system in birds. In Passeriformes, extra-pair paternity (EPP) was reported in 86% of the studied species, with high variation in occurrence and frequency within and between species. In the highly diverse Neotropical region, the genetic mating system is known for only 26 bird species. We present the first molecular data on the genetic breeding system of the Ringed Warbling-finch Poospiza torquata, a socially monogamous species of the tanagers family (Thraupidae) that inhabits arid and semi-arid regions of South America. We obtained data from 92 nestlings belonging to 35 nests during three consecutive breeding seasons (2008–2011). Paternity assignments were made using five microsatellites developed for other bird species, and calculated using CERVUS v. 3.0. We found that extra-pair males sired 20.65% of the offspring in 42.86% of the broods. The EPP level in this species was found to be close to the average level in Thraupidae, with reported values ranging between 8–50% and 15–63% for nestlings and broods with EPP, respectively. This wide interspecific variation points to the ecological factors as being very important in facilitating EPP among Thraupidae species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".