Characterizing the Effects of a “Switchable Water” Additive on the Aqueous Solubility of Small Molecules
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract “Switchable water” is an aqueous solution containing a water‐soluble amine additive that exhibits CO 2 ‐switchable properties, such as large changes in ionic strength, by forming an ammonium bicarbonate salt. Switchable water has been used to reversibly “salt‐out” organic compounds from water. This study explores the salting out of several compounds in switchable water when CO 2 is present and also explores the solubility of small molecules in switchable water, compared to pure water, when CO 2 is absent. The results show that organic compounds are generally more soluble in switchable water than pure water in the absence of CO 2 , but less soluble in the presence of 1 atm CO 2 . Exceptions include carboxylic acids and phenols which, presumably due to their acidity, are more soluble in switchable water than in pure water, even when CO 2 is applied. Kirkwood–Buff solvation theory was applied to gain insights into the effects of the amine additive on the aqueous solubility of caffeine. Furthermore, the switchable properties of the additives allow for the preparation of switchable aqueous two‐phase systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".