An experimental study on the energy absorption characteristics of single- and bi-layer cups under quasi-static loading
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experimental testing was conducted to study the mechanical behaviour and energy absorption characteristics of single- and bi-layer cups under axial quasi-static compressive loading. Bi-layer plates were fabricated by explosive welding or joined by adhesive and were formed by a deep drawing process to produce the cup . The tests were performed at a rate of 10 mm/min. The effect of geometric parameters and other apparatus parameters were considered in this study. Results from the experimental tests showed that the layer order of the bi-layer cup significantly influences energy absorption capacities of the cup such that the structures with stainless steel as the outer layer has total absorbed energy and mean crush force 8% and 14% higher, respectively, than those of cups with the aluminium outer layer. Furthermore, it was observed that cups fabricated by explosive welding displayed mean crush force and specific energy absorption 1.5 times greater than those fabricated with adhesive.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it