Chlorogenic Acid and Its Microbial Metabolites Exert Anti-Proliferative Effects, S-Phase Cell-Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Caco-2 Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) decreases colon cancer-cell proliferation but the combined anti-cancer effects of CGA with its major colonic microbial metabolites, caffeic acid (CA), 3-phenylpropionic acid (3-PPA) and benzoic acid (BA), needs elucidation as they occur together in colonic digesta. Caco-2 cancer cells were treated for 24 h with the four compounds individually (50–1000 µM) and as an equimolar ratio (1:1:1:1; MIX). The effective concentration to decrease cell proliferation by 50% (EC50) was lower for MIX (431 ± 51.84 µM) and CA (460 ± 21.88) versus CGA (758 ± 19.09 µM). The EC50 for cytotoxicity measured by lactate dehydrogenase release in MIX (527 ± 75.34 µM) showed more potency than CA (740 ± 38.68 µM). Cell proliferation was decreased by 3-PPA and BA at 1000 µM with no cytotoxicity. Cell-cycle arrest was induced at the S-phase by CA (100 µM), MIX (100 µM), CGA (250 µM) and 3-PPA (500 µM) with activation of caspase-3 by CGA, CA, MIX (500 and 1000 µM). Mitochondrial DNA content was reduced by 3-PPA (1000 µM). The anti-cancer effects occurred at markedly lower concentrations of each compound within MIX than when provided singly, indicating that they function together to enhance anti-colon cancer activities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".