Belgian refugees during the First World War (France, Britain, Netherlands)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The German invasion of Belgium in August-October 1914 led to the flight of more than 1.5 million Belgian civilians. The vast majority sought asylum in the Netherlands, France and Britain. In total, more than 600,000 Belgians – some 10 percent of the Belgian population at the time – settled abroad during the First World War. In France, they received financial support throughout the war, enabling the poorest refugees to avoid utter destitution. In Britain, committees sprang up to help resettle refugee families. In the Netherlands, where large camps were set up to house refugees, support for the refugees remained more limited. The war saw a gradual dwindling of the support offered to refugees. Many had no other choice but to find a job. In France, thousands were put to work in factories and farms. In Britain, 30,000 Belgian refugees, nearly one-quarter of them women, played an important role in the manufacture of munitions. Most refugees kept to themselves. Recreational activities strengthened the bonds to their homeland. Anxious to prevent them from permanently settling in their host countries, the Belgian authorities in exile promoted a strong sense of national identity among the refugees. By mid-1919, most Belgian refugees had returned home.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".