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Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study
Ludwig Kappos, Amit Bar‐Or, Bruce Cree, Robert J. Fox, Gavin Giovannoni, Ralf Gold, Patrick Vermersch, Douglas L. Arnold, Sophie Arnould, Tatiana Scherz, Christian Wolf, Erik Wallström, Frank Dahlke, Anat Achiron, Lutz Achtnichts, Kadriye Ağan, Gülşen Akman‐Demir, Alison Allen, Jack P. Antel, Alfredo Rodríguez Antigüedad, Michelle Apperson, Angela Applebee, Guillermo Izquierdo Ayuso, Masayuki Baba, Ovidiu Băjenaru, Rodica Balasa, Belgin Petek Balcı, Michael Barnett, Ann Bass, V. Becker, Mihaela Bejinariu, Florian Then Bergh, Arnfin Bergmann, Evanthia Bernitsas, Achim Berthele, Virender Bhan, Felix Bischof, Randall J. Bjork, Gregg Blevins, Matthias Boehringer, Thomas Boerner, Robert Bonek, James D. Bowen, Allen C. Bowling, Alexey Boyко, Cavit Boz, Vera Bracknies, Stefan Braune, Vincenzo Brescia Morra, Bruno Brochet, Waldemar Brola, Paul Brownstone, M Brozman, Donald Brunet, Ioan Buraga, Margaret Burnett, Mathias Buttmann, Helmut Butzkueven, Jonathan Cahill, Jonathan Calkwood, William Camu, Mark Cascione, G. Castelnovo, Diego Centonze, João Cerqueira, Andrew Chan, Andrea Cimprichová, Stanley Cohan, Giancarlo Comi, Jill Ker Conway, Joanna A. Cooper, John R. Corboy, Jorge Correale, Brian Costell, David A. Cottrell, Patricia K. Coyle, Matthew Craner, Liying Cui, Luı́s Cunha, Anna Członkowska, Ana Silva, Joao de, de Sèze, Marc Debouverie, Jan Debruyne, D. Decoo, G. Defer, Tobias Derfuß, Norma Deri, Bhupesh Dihenia, Péter Diószeghy, Vladimír Donáth, Bénédicte Dubois, Martin Duddy, Pierre Duquette, Gilles Edan, Hüsnü Efendi, Stanton B. Elias, Peter Emrich, Bonaventura Casanova Estruch, E. P. Evdoshenko, Juergen Faiss, Wolfgang Feneberg, Jiske Fermont, Óscar Fernández Fernández, Francisco Coret Ferrer, Katharina Fink, Helen Ford, Corey Ford, Ada Francia, Mark Freedman, Benjamin Frishberg, Simonetta Galgani, George P Garmany, Klaus Gehring, Jeffrey Gitt, Claudio Gobbi, Lawrence Goldstick, Rafael Arroyo González, François Grand’Maison, Nikolaos Grigoriadis, Olga Grigorova, Luigi M.E. Grimaldi, Jeffrey B. Gross, Katrin Gross‐Paju, Mark Gudesblatt, Daniel Guillaume, Judith Haas, Viera Hančinová, Anca Hâncu, Orla Hardiman, A. Harmjanz, Fedor Heidenreich, G.J.D. Hengstman, Joseph Herbert, Mark Herring, Suzanne Hodgkinson, Olaf Hoffmann, Werner Hofmann, William Honeycutt, Le H. Hua, Dehui Huang, Yining Huang, DeRen Huang, Raymond Hupperts, Piroska Imre, Gábor Jakab, Elżbieta Jasińska, Kenichi Kaida, Jolanta Kalniņa, Ara Kaprelyan, Guntis Karelis, Dimitrios Karussis, Amos Katz, Ф. А. Хабиров, Bhupendra Khatri, Takashi Kimura, Ilya Kister, Rasa Kizlaitienė, Eleonóra Klímová, Juergen Koehler, Aparna Komatineni, A. Kornhuber, Krisztina Kovács, Ágnes Köves, Wojciech Kozubski, Georgi Krastev, Lauren Krupp, Egon Kurča, Christoph Lassek, Guy Laureys, Liesly Lee, Eckart Lensch, Fritz Leutmezer, Hongzeng Li, Ralf A. Linker, Michael Linnebank, Petra Lišková, Cristina Llanera, Jiahong Lu, Andreas Lutterotti, Jan Lycke, Richard Macdonell, Maciej Maciejowski, Р. В. Магжанов, Eva-Maria Maida, Lina Malcienė, Yang Mao‐Draayer, Girolama Alessandra Marfia, Clyde Markowitz, Vasileios Mastorodimos, Klotild Mátyás, José Meca-Lallana, Juan Antonio García Merino, Ioan Gheorghe Mihetiu, Ivan Milanov, Aaron E. Miller, Andrejs Millers, Massimiliano Mirabella, Masanori Mizuno, Xavier Montalbán, L. Montoya, Masahiro Mori, Stefanie Mueller, Jin Nakahara, Yuji Nakatsuji, Scott D. Newsome, Richard Nicholas, A. Scott Nielsen, Esmaeil Nikfekr, Ugo Nocentini, Chiyoko Nohara, Kyoichi Nomura, Odinak Mm, Tomas Olsson, Bob W. van Oosten, Celia Oreja‐Guevara, Patrick Oschmann, James Overell, Andrew R. Pachner, Gyula Pánczél, Massimo Pandolfo, Caroline Papeix, Liliana Patrucco, Jean Pelletier, Raúl Piedrabuena, Misha Pless, Udo Polzer, Krisztián Pozsegovits, Daiva Rastenytė, Sebastian Rauer, Gerd Reifschneider, Roberto Rey, Syed Rizvi, Derrick Robertson, Jose Martinez Rodriguez, David Rog, Homayoun Roshanisefat, Vernon Rowe, Csilla Rózsa, Susan Rubin, Stanisław Rusek, Francesco Saccà, Takahiko Saida, António Vasco Salgado, Victoria Eugenia Fernández Sánchez, Kalina Sanders, Mária Sátori, Д В Сазонов, Elio Scarpini, Eugen Schlegel, Myriam Schluep, Stephan Schmidt, E. Scholz, Hans M. Schrijver, Matthias Schwab, Raymond Schwartz, James A. Scott, Krzysztof Selmaj, S. James Shafer, Basil Sharrack, И А Щукин, Yuko Shimizu, Penko Shotekov, Arno Siever, Karl-Otto Sigel, Scott Silliman, Magdolna Simó, Mihaela Simu, Vladimiro Sinay, Antonio Escartin Siquier, Aksel Sıva, Ondřej Škoda, Andrew Solomon, Martin Stangel, Dusan Stefoski, Brian Steingo, I D Stolyarov, Pavel Štourač, Katrin Straßburger-Krogias, Erik Strauss, Olaf Stüve, Ivaylo Tarnev, Antonios Tavernarakis, Cristina Ramo‐Tello, Murat Terzi, Veronika Tichá, Marina Ticmeanu, Klaus Tiel‐Wilck, Toomas Toomsoo, Niall Tubridy, Mark Tullman, Hayrettin Tumani, Peter Turčáni, Ben Turner, Antonio Uccelli, Francisco Javier Olascoaga Urtaza, Marta Vachová, Attila Valikovics, Silke Walter, Bart Van Wijmeersch, Ludo Vanopdenbosch, Joerg R. Weber, Sara Weiss, Robert Weissert, T. Eoin West, Heinz Wiendl, Sandrine Wiertlewski, Brigitte Wildemann, Barbara Willekens, Leo H. Visser, Galina Vorobeychik, Xianhao Xu, Takashi Yamamura, Yi Yang, Sergio Martínez‐Yélamos, Michael Yeung, Alan Zacharias, Marvin V. Zelkowitz, Uwe K. Zettl, Meini Zhang, Hongyu Zhou, Ulf Zieman, Tjalf Ziemssen
Bibliographic record
VenueThe Lancet · 2018
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicMultiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Canadian institutionsNeuroRx Research (Canada)McGill UniversityMontreal Neurological Institute and Hospital
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMedicinePlaceboExpanded Disability Status ScaleClinical endpointMultiple sclerosisInternal medicineClinical trialRandomized controlled trialPhysical therapyImmunologyPathology
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.002
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Randomized trial · Consensus signal: Randomized trial
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.009
Threshold uncertainty score0.030
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.204
GPT teacher head0.406
Teacher spread0.202 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designRandomized trial
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations925
Published2018
Admission routes1
Has abstractno