Facies, Backwater Limits, and Paleohydraulic Analysis of Rivers in a Forced-regressive, Compound Incised Valley, Cretaceous Ferron Sandstone, Utah, U.s.a.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We analyze a compound, piedmont-linked, coastal-plain incised-valley system from the Turonian Ferron sandstone, Utah, to evaluate valley-fill facies models in the context of bayline and backwater effects, as well as presenting quantitative estimates of paleohydraulic parameters, such as slope and discharge. Three photomosaics and eight measured sections along variably oriented cliffs show three terraces formed by a single-thread meandering trunk river that was about 7 m deep, forming a compound valley with up to 28 m of erosional relief. Channel fills in some of the terrace deposits show double mudstone drapes, tidal reworking, and brackish-water to marine trace fossils, suggesting deposition in both the tidal backwater and bayline regions. Paleoslope estimates are on the order of 2.6 to 5.3 × 10–4, and corresponding backwater lengths are estimated to range from 3 to 25 km. Assuming microtidal conditions, the bayline limit was likely less than 7 km and the shoreline was likely positioned within 20 km of the study area. Each successive valley-fill terrace is punctuated by a transgressive then regressive episode of cut and fill thus forming stepped forced-regressive fluvially dominated, tidally affected valley fills. There is a lack of extensive transgressive marine or estuarine fill, consistent with an ever-wet tropical climate and a steep gradient that resulted in a high-sediment supply system, rather different from the transgressive, estuarine to marine simple valley-fill facies models that dominate much of the literature. Width-to-thickness ratios are 10:1, < 100:1, and about 1000:1 for channels, channel belts, and valleys respectively. These are consistent with ratios from modern systems, and the lower channel-belt widths are also consistent with deposition in the lower backwater, which favors aggradation versus lateral migration of channels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".