The Characterization of Plantar Skin Across Environmental Condition and Time
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In the presence of pathologic conditions such as diabetes or neuropathy and activity-related forces, the plantar surface of the foot is a common place for skin breakdown. With this risk, foundational knowledge of typical plantar skin behavior is needed. The purpose of this study was to characterize the plantar skin properties (tangential stiffness, normal compliance, and thickness) across environmental condition and time. DESIGN AND SETTING: Nonexperimental laboratory design. PATIENTS: Sixteen individuals participated (age range, 19-78 years; mean age, 48.5 ± 19.23 years; mean body mass index, 31.5 ± 7.61 kg/m). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Tangential stiffness, normal compliance, and thickness were assessed with the Tissue Interrogation Device (TID), Myotonometer, and ultrasound, respectively. Measurements were taken at 5 anatomic locations over 4 visits across a day (morning and afternoon), week, and month. Measurements were taken in standard (20° C to 24° C, 35%-50% relative humidity) and shoe conditions (32° C, 66% relative humidity). MAIN RESULTS: Tangential stiffness (P = .000), normal compliance (P = .000), and thickness (epidermis, P = .000; dermis, P = .044) all varied by location. No main effect differences were noted across visits or environment across devices. Reliability varied across visits. CONCLUSIONS: All 3 skin properties were found to vary across location and people. Given skin property consistency over time and device reliability, it is reasonable to take and compare measurements within a week. Environmental conditions should be reported and controlled in research assessing plantar skin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".