Mitochondrial targeting of glycolysis in a major lineage of eukaryotes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glycolysis is a major cytosolic catabolic pathway that provides ATP for many organisms 1 . Mitochondria play an even more important role in the provision of additional cellular ATP for eukaryotes 2 . Here, we show that in many stramenopiles, the C3 part of glycolysis is localised in mitochondria. We discovered genuine mitochondrial targeting signals on the six last enzymes of glycolysis. These targeting signals are recognised and sufficient to import GFP into mitochondria of a heterologous host. Analysis of eukaryotic genomes identified these targeting signals on many glycolytic C3 enzymes in a large group of eukaryotes found in the SAR supergroup 3 , in particular the stramenopiles. Stramenopiles, or heterokonts, are a large group of ecologically important eukaryotes that includes multi- and unicellular algae such as kelp and diatoms, but also economically important oomycete pathogens such as Phytophthora infestans. Confocal immunomicroscopy confirmed the mitochondrial location of glycolytic enzymes for the human parasite Blastocystis. Enzyme assays on cellular fractions confirmed the presence of the C3 part of glycolysis in Blastocystis mitochondria. These activities are sensitive to treatment with proteases and Triton X-100 but not proteases alone. Our work clearly shows that core cellular metabolism is more plastic than previously imagined and suggests new strategies to combat stramenopile pathogens such as the causative agent of late potato blight, P. infestans.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".