Evaluation of salivary heme oxygenase‐1 as a potential biomarker of early Parkinson's disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: To date, there are no chemical analytes, including biochemical indices of oxidative stress, metabolites of α-synuclein protein, and differential protein expression patterns on proteomic profiling, for use in clinics as a diagnostic biomarker of idiopathic PD. OBJECTIVES: Heme oxygenase-1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. The objective of this study is to ascertain whether salivary heme oxygenase-1 may serve as a biomarker for early idiopathic PD. METHODS: Fifty-eight PD patients and 59 non-neurological disease controls were recruited. Levels of heme oxygenase-1 expression were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot analysis of whole, unstimulated saliva. Analyses were adjusted by sex, l-dopa exposure, and relevant comorbidities. RESULTS: We documented: (1) the presence of 32-kDa heme oxygenase-1 protein in human saliva; (2) significantly higher mean heme oxygenase-1 protein concentrations in saliva of PD patients relative to control values; (3) no variability in salivary heme oxygenase-1 levels with sex, age, l-dopa equivalence, or comorbidities; and (4) significantly higher mean salivary heme oxygenase-1 concentrations in patients with H & Y stage 1 PD (early) than control subjects and stage 2 and stage 3 PD patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve that separated controls from PD H & Y stage 1 was 76% (95% confidence interval: 63-90). CONCLUSIONS: Salivary heme oxygenase-1 concentrations may provide a useful, noninvasive, and relatively inexpensive biomarker of early idiopathic PD. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".