Relative Handgrip Strength Is Inversely Associated with Metabolic Profile and Metabolic Disease in the General Population in China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Absolute handgrip strength has been correlated with metabolic profile and metabolic disease. Whether relative handgrip strength is also associated with metabolic disease has not been assessed. This study aimed at assessing the association of relative handgrip strength with metabolic profile and metabolic disease in the general population in China. Methods: Data were derived from an ongoing cross-sectional survey of the 2013 National Physical and Health in Shanxi Province, which involved 5520 participants. Multiple linear regression or multiple logistic regression analysis were used to assess the association of absolute/relative handgrip strength with the metabolic profile, preclinical and established stages of metabolic diseases. Results: This study revealed that relative handgrip strength, that is when normalized to BMI, was associated with: 1) in both genders for more favorable blood lipid levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (males: b=0.19(0.15,0.23); females: b=0.22(0.17, 0.28)), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (males: b=-0.14(-0.23,-0.05); females: b=-0.19(-0.31,-0.18)), triglycerides (males: b=-0.58(-0.74, -0.43); females: b=-0.55(-0.74,-0.36)) and total cholesterol (males: b=-0.20(-0.31, -0.10); females: b=-0.19(-0.32, -0.06)); and better serum glucose levels in males (b=-0.30(-0.46,-0.15)). 2) lower risk of impaired fasting glucose in males (third quartile (OR=0.66(0.45-0.95)) and fourth quartile (OR=0.46(0.30-0.71)) vs first quartile) and dyslipidemia in both genders (third quartile (males: OR=0.65(0.48-0.87); females: OR=0.68(0.53-0.86)) and fourth quartile (males: OR=0.47 (0.35-0.64); females: OR=0.47(0.36-0.61)) vs first quartile). 3) lower risk of hyperlipidemia in both genders (third quartile (males: OR=0.66(0.50-0.87); females: OR=0.57(0.43-0.75)) and fourth quartile (males: OR=0.35(0.26-0.47); females: OR=0.51(0.38-0.70)) vs first quartile). However, contrary to relative handgrip strength, higher absolute handgrip strength was associated with unfavorable metabolic profiles and higher risk of metabolic diseases. These paradoxical associations were retained even after adjusted for BMI by employed a multivariate analysis. Conclusion: We conclude that measurement of relative handgrip strength can be used as a reasonable clinical predictor of metabolic health and disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".