Drag and Side Force Analysis on Bicycle Wheel–Tire Combinations
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aerodynamic forces on bicycle racing wheels were investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel facility at the University of Calgary. The main geometric parameters investigated were the tire sidewall width, (21.40 mm≤T≤26.15 mm), rim depth, (55 mm≤D≤90 mm), rim width, (19.28 mm≤W≤25.75 mm), and angle of attack, (0deg≤ψ≤12.6deg). A total of six wheels and five tires were tested. Coefficient of drag area (CdA) and coefficient of side force area (CsA) versus angle of attack (ψ) were measured using a multi-axis force transducer. Wind tunnel conditions were set to simulate 2.94 m/s (6.6 mph) wind speeds and 13.4 m/s (30 mph) cyclist speeds. The performance of the wheel tire combinations was assessed using a wind-averaged drag method. The results show that the CdA of aerodynamic wheels is highly dependent on the wheel-tire combination. There is a strong linear correlation between wind averaged drag (CdA¯) and the ratio of the tire and rim width (T/W). The CsA of wheels is primarily controlled by the rim depth (D) and only weakly correlated with tire width (T).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it